WriCraft

■ GRAM NYAYALAYA :-- The literally meaning of gram nyayala is "Rural Court". (GRAM= RURAL & NYAYALAYA= COURT).  Gram Nyayalayas are mobile village courts in India established for speedy and easy access to justice system in the rural areas of India. They are aimed at providing inexpensive justice to people in rural areas at their doorsteps. Gram Nyayalayas were established for speedy and easy access to the justice system in the rural areas across the country. • The Gram Nyayalayas Act came into force on October 2, 2009. • In terms of Section 3(1) of the Act, it is for the State Governments to establish Gram Nyayalayas in consultation with the respective High Courts. • Gram Nyayalaya are established generally at headquarter of every Panchayat at intermediate level or a group of contiguous panchayat in a district where there is no panchayat at intermediate level. • The Gram Nyayalayas are presided over by a Nyayadhikari. • A Gram Nyayalaya have jurisdiction o

■ Who can call army in India /  Who has the authority to call in army for controlling a riot ? Public order and police are under the state list. Section 129 & 130 of CrPC give the Executive Magistrate certain powers relating to “unlawful assembly”. If a group is found in unlawful assembly under Section 129 CrPC, the Executive Magistrate can issue orders to these persons to disperse.  Section 130 CrPC (Criminal Procedure Code) empowers the Executive Magistrate to requisition the aid of the Army . The state government may request the Union government to make available armed forces to help restore public order. In states when there is a breakdown of law and order, for example in case of a riot or natural calamity, then the district magistrate can approach the military commander of the area. The army in such cases has Limited purpose of dispersing an “unlawful assembly” and arresting its members.  ■ The Peculiar case of Delhi:----Article 239 AA and 239 A

♤ History of Court System in India : India has a single unified and integrated judicial system and Supreme Court of India is at the apex court of the Indian judicial system. Judiciary plays an important role as an organ of the government. It settles disputes, interprets laws, protects fundamental rights and acts as guardian of the Constitution. During ancient times, the concept of justice was inextricably linked with religion and was embedded in the ascriptive norms of socially stratified caste groups. Contents ● Mayor’s Courts. ● Supreme Court at Calcutta. ● Conflict between legislative and executive. ● Recorder’s Courts. ● Mofussil Adalats. ● Civil Judiciary. ● Criminal Judiciary. ● Establishment of High Courts ●  Indian High Courts Act 1861 & constituent assembly debates. Most of the Kings’ courts dispensed justice according to ‘dharma’, a set of eternal laws rested upon the individual duty to be performed in four stages of life (ashrama) and status of